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Since conception of Applied Poleramic, Inc., it has been one of our goals to educate the end-user with the truth about epoxies. This newsletter of commonly asked questions will hopefully correct some misnomers we hear and read about in industry. Q. Do I need to post-cure a room temperature cure resin? A. Room temperature cure resin is the biggest misnomer in epoxies. A thermoset resin is only capable of achieving a Tg of about 30oF above the cure temperature. Therefore, unless the ultimate Tg is within the 100oF range, a post-cure will always be required to complete the cure and increase resin strength. The higher the service temperature, the greater the need for a post- cure, assuming the molecular structure is capable of a Tg greater than the use temperature. Q. What is Tg and is it the same as HDT? A. Glass transition is the temperature a polymer turns from a glassy like plastic to a non-structural rubber. On a molecular level, it is the temperature where the main polymer backbone initiates molecular motion. The Tg is controlled by cross-link density and modulus properties of the structure between cross-links (aromatic, aliphatic, heterocyclic, etc.). All polymers have a Tg and can best be determined using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) curves. Tg is an intrinsic bulk polymer property totally determined by molecular structure. HDT is an arbitrary value where a set deflection is achieved under a constant load. As the temperature is raised, the stiffness slowly drops and the specimen deforms until it reaches a pre-set deflection where the temperature is reported. The HDT is always lower (approx. 10oF) that Tg due to the applied load. Q. What does the Part B do and can I change the mix ratio to adjust cure speed? A. Amines and amine like (Lewis base) molecules are used to chemically react the epoxy functionality (ethylene oxide) . There are two general classes of mechanisms. The most dominate is a direct conversion where the active hydrogens of the amine react one for one on the epoxy group. These are referred to as converters, where a stoicheometric amount, one amine hydrogen for one epoxy, is used. The other mechanism is catalytic, where small amounts of catalyst make the epoxy react with itself. (homopolymerization). DETA and IPDA are examples of amine hardeners, where imidozoles and tertiary amines are common catalyst. In two part epoxies, the hardener should not be changed to adjust cure speed or potlife. The stoicheometry becomes un-balanced with either too little or excess hardener. Too much hardener is just as detrimental or worse than not enough. Excess hardener leaves un-reacted amine that plasticizes the cured resin and can result in poor hot/wet properties and a large loss in stiffness. To change potlife or cure speed it is best to use a different speed hardener or alter the ambient temperature. Q. What is a two phase resin? A. With proper formulation, a toughening modifier can precipitate into a separate elastomeric phase that enhances the epoxies toughness by creating multiple energy dissipation mechanisms. A cross-section of a cured two phase epoxy would look like that shown to the right. Small elastomeric balls (approx. 1 micron in diameter) are in the second phase and are encapsulated and bonded to a continuous epoxy phase. The second phase enhances fracture toughness, impact resistance, and improves the composites resistance to premature delamination. Two phase technology is beneficial in bonding dissimilar materials. To maximize peel strengths, an adhesive must adhere to the substrates as well as have exceptional resistance to cracking within the adhesive layer. If an adhesive has good adhesion but is brittle ( as is the case of single phase resins ), the bond will split through the adhesive leaving residual resin on both surfaces and would be considered a cohesive failure. Q. Can we have a tough single phase resin? A. Continuous single phase epoxies can be toughened by putting in reactive and/or un-reactive plasticizers. Unfortunately, there is a large knockdown on properties such as Tg and stiffness (modulus). Two phase resins also suffer, but not as bad. Assuming total phase separation, the modulus goes down with the volume fraction of the second phase, usually 5-10%, but the Tg is not sacrificed since the continuous epoxy phase has not changed. A two phase resin achieves a better balance of properties than a single phase, although there are trade-offs for both. For a given designed stiffness and/or temperature, the toughness of a two phase resin exceeds that of a single phase. The two phase systems do however decline to single phase properties as the Tg increases beyond 250oF. Q. Why can t I have everything in an epoxy matrix? A. All two component epoxies have to be balanced for cost, Tg, stiffness, toughness, and workability. Unfortunately, many of these requirements work against each other. For instance, as toughness increases, stiffness and Tg decrease. Therefore, it is not possible to have a ultra-tough resin with high stiffness. Only a few properties, like stiffness (modulus) and Tg, actually go hand- in -hand. The best formulation technologies, usually involving modifiers and some kind of heterogeneous morphology, achieve the best property balances, but are still compromised by trade-offs. It is the total balance between workability and cured properties that make one product most suitable for a specific application. What You Wanted to Know About Epoxy To maximize epoxy strength, post-cure to within 20oF of operating temperature. Do not adjust mix ratios to adjust cure speeds of epoxy resins All About Epoxy (Con t) Two Phase resins give the best balance of composite properties. All About Epoxy (Con t) ╔pЩ1TSH    дqЩ1TSHШGМ "Ё"$ш$КhИИИИИИИ ИИ,И9"ЁDК "Ч10(GqЩ1TSH        ut not as bad. 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